Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine
Volume 15, Issue 6 , Pages 225-229 , August 2005

Role of Raf Proteins in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Cardiomyocyte Survival

  • Anthony J. Muslin

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: Anthony J. Muslin, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8086, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Tel.: (+1)314-747-3525; fax: (+1)314-747-3545.

References 

  1. Allan LA, Morrice N, Brady S, et al. Inhibition of caspase-9 through phosphorylation at Thr 125 by ERK MAPK. Nat Cell Biol. 2003;7:647–654
  2. Babu GJ, Lalli MJ, Sussman MA, et al. Phosphorylation of elk-1 by MEK/ERK pathway is necessary for c-fos gene activation during cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2000;32:1447–1457
  3. Baumann B, Weber CK, Troppmair J, et al. Raf induces NF-κB by membrane shuttle kinase MEKK1, a signaling pathway critical for transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:4615–4620
  4. Bueno OF, Molkentin JD. Involvement of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 in cardiac hypertrophy and cell death. Circ Res. 2002;91:776–781
  5. Bueno OF, De Windt LJ, Tymitz KM, et al. The MEK1–ERK1/2 signaling pathway promotes compensated cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic mice. EMBO J. 2000;19:6341–6350
  6. Chaudhary A, King WG, Mattaliano MD, et al. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulates Raf1 through Pak phosphorylation of serine 338. Curr Biol. 2000;10:551–554
  7. Chen J, Fujii K, Zhang L, et al. Raf-1 promotes cell survival by antagonizing apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 through a MEK–ERK independent mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:7783–7788
  8. Chong H, Lee J, Guan KL. Positive and negative regulation of Raf kinase activity by phosphorylation. EMBO J. 2001;20:3716–3727
  9. Davies H, Bignell GR, Cox C, et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature. 2002;417:949–954
  10. Gray-Schopfer VC, Da Rocha Dias S, Marais R. The role of B-RAF in melanoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2005;24:165–183
  11. Guan KL. The mitogen activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway: From the cell surface to the nucleus. Cell Signal. 1994;6:581–589
  12. Hagemann C, Rapp UR. Isotype-specific functions of Raf kinases. Exp Cell Res. 1999;253:34–46
  13. Harada H, Quearry B, Ruiz-Vela A, Korsmeyer SJ. Survival factor-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylates BIM, inhibiting its association with BAX and proapoptotic activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;43:15313–15317
  14. Harris IS, Zhang S, Treskov I, et al. Raf-1 kinase is required for cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte survival in response to pressure overload. Circulation. 2004;110:718–723
  15. Hindley A, Kolch W. Extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)-independent functions of Raf kinases. J Cell Sci. 2002;115(Pt. 8):1575–1581
  16. Huser M, Luckett J, Chiloeches A, et al. MEK kinase activity is not necessary for Raf-1 function. EMBO J. 2001;20:1940–1951
  17. Ikenoue T, Hikiba Y, Kanai F, et al. Functional analysis of mutations within the kinase activation segment of B-Raf in human colorectal tumors. Cancer Res. 2003;63:8132–8137
  18. Jacobs D, Glossip D, Xing H, et al. Multiple docking sites on substrate proteins form a modular system that mediates recognition by ERK MAP kinase. Genes Dev. 1999;13:163–175
  19. King AJ, Sun H, Diaz B, et al. The protein kinase Pak3 positively regulates Raf-1 activity through phosphorylation of serine 338. Nature. 1998;396:180–183
  20. Mason CS, Springer CJ, Cooper RG, et al. Serine and tyrosine phosphorylations cooperate in Raf-1, but not B-Raf activation. EMBO J. 1999;18:2137–2148
  21. Mikula M, Schreiber M, Husak Z, et al. Embryonic lethality and fetal liver apoptosis in mice lacking the c-raf-1 gene. EMBO J. 2001;20:1952–1962
  22. Moodie SA, Willumsen BM, Weber MJ, et al. Complexes of Ras. GTP with Raf-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. Science. 1993;260:1658–1661
  23. Muslin AJ, Tanner JW, Allen PM, Shaw AS. Interaction of 14-3-3 with signaling proteins is mediated by the recognition of phosphoserine. Cell. 1996;84:889–897
  24. Nimnual A, Bar-Sagi D. The two hats of SOS. Sci STKE. 2002;145:PE36
  25. O'Neill E, Rushworth L, Baccarini M, Kolch W. Role of the kinase MST2 in suppression of apoptosis by the proto-oncogene product Raf-1. Science. 2004;306:2267–2270
  26. Ory S, Zhou M, Conrads TP, et al. Protein phosphatase 2A positively regulates Ras signaling by dephosphorylating KSR1 and Raf-1 on critical 14-3-3 binding sites. Curr Biol. 2003;13:1356–1364
  27. Purcell NH, Darwis D, Bueno OF, et al. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 interacts with and is negatively regulated by the LIM-only protein FHL2 in cardiomyocytes. Mol Cell Biol. 2004;24:1081–1095
  28. Rommel C, Radziwill G, Moelling K, Hafen E. Negative regulation of Raf activity by binding of 14-3-3 to the amino terminus of Raf in vivo. Mech Dev. 1997;64:95–104
  29. Roy F, Laberge G, Douziech M, et al. KSR is a scaffold required for activation of the ERK/MAPK module. Genes Dev. 2002;16:427–438
  30. Seger R, Krebs EG. The MAPK signaling cascade. FASEB J. 1995;9:726–735
  31. Strumberg D, Seeber S. Raf kinase inhibitors in oncology. Onkologie. 2005;28:101–107
  32. Taylor LK, Wang HC, Erikson RL. Newly identified stress-responsive protein kinases, Krs-1 and Krs-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93:10099–10104
  33. Ueyama T, Kawashima S, Sakoda T, et al. Requirement of activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade in myocardial cell hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2000;32:947–960
  34. Vojtek AB, Hollenberg SM, Cooper JA. Mammalian Ras interacts directly with the serine/threonine kinase Raf. Cell. 1993;74:205–214
  35. Wang L, Proud CG. Ras/Erk signaling is essential for activation of protein synthesis by Gq protein-coupled receptor agonists in adult cardiomyocytes. Circ Res. 2002;91:821–829
  36. Wang L, Gout I, Proud CG. Cross-talk between the ERK and p70 S6 kinase (S6K) signaling pathways. MEK-dependent activation of S6K2 in cardiomyocytes. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:32670–32677
  37. Wellbrock C, Karasarides M, Marais R. The RAF proteins take centre stage. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2004;5:875–885
  38. Xing H, Kornfeld K, Muslin AJ. The protein kinase KSR interacts with 14-3-3 protein and Raf. Curr Biol. 1997;7:294–300
  39. Yamaguchi O, Higuchi Y, Hirotani S, et al. Targeted deletion of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 attenuates left ventricular remodeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:15883–15888
  40. Yamaguchi O, Watanabe T, Nishida K, et al. Cardiac-specific disruption of the c-raf-1 gene induces cardiac dysfunction and apoptosis. J Clin Invest. 2004;114:937–943
  41. Yue TL, Gu JL, Wang C, et al. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase plays an essential role in hypertrophic agonists, endothelin-1 and phenylephrine-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:37895–37901

PII: S1050-1738(05)00089-7

doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2005.06.008

Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine
Volume 15, Issue 6 , Pages 225-229 , August 2005

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution