Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine
Volume 15, Issue 6 , Pages 195-202 , August 2005

Innate Immunity and the Lung: Defense at the Interface Between Host and Environment

  • Aimee K. Zaas

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: Aimee K. Zaas, MD, Box 3355, USA. Duke South Blue Zone, Durham, NC 27710. Fax: (+1) 919-684-8902.
    • ,
  • David A. Schwartz

References 

  1. Abel B, Thieblemont N, Quesniaux VJ, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 expression is required to control chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. J Immunol. 2002;169:3155–3162
  2. Arbour NC, Lorenz E, Schutte BC, et al. TLR4 mutations are associated with endotoxin hyporesponsiveness in humans. Nat Genet. 2000;25:187–191
  3. Armstrong L, Medford AR, Uppington KM, et al. Expression of functional Toll-like receptor-2 and -4 on alveolar epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2004;31:241–245
  4. Atochina EN, Beck JM, Preston AM, et al. Enhanced lung injury and delayed clearance of Pneumocystis carinii in surfactant protein A-deficient mice: Attenuation of cytokine responses and reactive oxygen–nitrogen species. Infect Immun. 2004;72:6002–6011
  5. Bals R, Hiemstra PS. Innate immunity in the lung: How epithelial cells fight against respiratory pathogens. Eur Respir J. 2004;23:327–333
  6. Basu S, Fenton MJ. Toll-like receptors: Function and roles in lung disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2004;286:L887–L892
  7. Becker MN, Diamond G, Verghese MW, Randell SH. CD14-dependent lipopolysaccharide-induced beta-defensin-2 expression in human tracheobronchial epithelium. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:29731–29736
  8. Birchler T, Seibl R, Buchner K, et al. Human Toll-like receptor 2 mediates induction of the antimicrobial peptide human beta-defensin 2 in response to bacterial lipoprotein. Eur J Immunol. 2001;31:3131–3137
  9. Blease K, Kunkel SL, Hogaboam CM. IL-18 modulates chronic fungal asthma in a murine model; putative involvement of Toll-like receptor-2. Inflamm Res. 2001;50:552–560
  10. Branger J, Knapp S, Weijer S, et al. Role of Toll-like receptor 4 in gram-positive and gram-negative pneumonia in mice. Infect Immun. 2004;72:788–794
  11. Branger J, Leemans JC, Florquin S, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 plays a protective role in pulmonary tuberculosis in mice. Int Immunol. 2004;16:509–516
  12. Broide D, Schwarze J, Tighe H, et al. Immunostimulatory DNA sequences inhibit IL-5, eosinophilic inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. J Immunol. 1998;161:7054–7062
  13. Carlsson M, Sjoholm AG, Eriksson L, et al. Deficiency of the mannan-binding lectin pathway of complement and poor outcome in cystic fibrosis: Bacterial colonization may be decisive for a relationship. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005;139:306–313
  14. Chow JC, Young DW, Golenbock DT, et al. Toll-like receptor-4 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced signal transduction. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:10689–10692
  15. Clark HW, Reid KB, Sim RB. Collectins and innate immunity in the lung. Microbes Infect. 2000;2:273–278
  16. Cole AM, Waring AJ. The role of defensins in lung biology and therapy. Am J Respir Medicine. 2002;1:249–259
  17. Crosdale DJ, Poulton KV, Ollier WE, et al. Mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphisms as a susceptibility factor for chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis. J Infect Dis. 2001;184:653–656
  18. Crouch E, Wright JR. Surfactant proteins A and D and pulmonary host defense. Annu Rev Physiol. 2001;63:521–554
  19. Ding K, Shibui A, Wang Y, et al. Impaired recognition by Toll-like receptor 4 is responsible for exacerbated murine Pneumocystis pneumonia. Microbes Infect. 2005;7:195–203
  20. Drennan MB, Nicolle D, Quesniaux VJ, et al. Toll-like receptor 2-deficient mice succumb to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Am J Pathol. 2004;164:49–57
  21. Droemann D, Goldmann T, Branscheid D, et al. Toll-like receptor 2 is expressed by alveolar epithelial cells type II and macrophages in the human lung. Histochem Cell Biol. 2003;119:103–108
  22. Foley PJ, Mullighan CG, McGrath DS, et al. Mannose-binding lectin promoter and structural gene variants in sarcoidosis. Eur J Clin Invest. 2000;30:549–552
  23. Gabolde M, Guilloud-Bataille M, Feingold J, Besmond C. Association of variant alleles of mannose binding lectin with severity of pulmonary disease in cystic fibrosis: Cohort study. BMJ. 1999;319:1166–1167
  24. Ganz T. Defensins: Antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2003;3:710–720
  25. Guillot L, Balloy V, McCormack FX, et al. Cutting edge: The immunostimulatory activity of the lung surfactant protein-A involves Toll-like receptor 4. J Immunol. 2002;168:5989–5992
  26. Guillot L, Medjane S, Le Barillec K, et al. Response of human pulmonary epithelial cells to lipopolysaccharide involves Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent signaling pathways: Evidence for an intracellular compartmentalization of TLR4. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:2712–2718
  27. Guillot L, Le Goffic R, Bloch S, et al. Involvement of Toll-like receptor 3 in the immune response of lung epithelial cells to double-stranded RNA and influenza A virus. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:5571–5580
  28. Hawn TR, Verbon A, Janer M, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms are associated with resistance to Legionnaires' disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:2487–2489
  29. Hayashi F, Smith KD, Ozinsky A, et al. The innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by Toll-like receptor 5. Nature. 2001;410:1099–1103
  30. Hemmi H, Takeuchi O, Kawai T, et al. A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature. 2000;408:740–745
  31. Hickling TP, Clark H, Malhotra R, Sim RB. Collectins and their role in lung immunity. J Leukoc Biol. 2004;75:27–33
  32. Hogaboam CM, Takahashi K, Ezekowitz RA, et al. Mannose-binding lectin deficiency alters the development of fungal asthma: Effects on airway response, inflammation, and cytokine profile. J Leukoc Biol. 2004;75:805–814
  33. Hollingsworth JW, Cook DN, Brass DM, et al. The role of Toll-like receptor 4 in environmental airway injury in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:126–132
  34. Holmskov U, Malhotra R, Sim RB, Jensenius JC. Collectins: Collagenous C-type lectins of the innate immune defense system. Immunol Today. 1994;15:67–74
  35. Hoshino K, Takeuchi O, Kawai T, et al. Cutting edge: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient mice are hyporesponsive to lipopolysaccharide: Evidence for TLR4 as the LPS gene product. J Immunol. 1999;162:3749–3752
  36. Kamath AB, Alt J, Debbabi H, Behar SM. Toll-like receptor 4-defective C3H/HeJ mice are not more susceptible than other C3H substrains to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun. 2003;71:4112–4118
  37. Kawasaki K, Akashi S, Shimazu R, et al. Mouse Toll-like receptor 4.MD-2 complex mediates lipopolysaccharide-mimetic signal transduction by Taxol. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:2251–2254
  38. Kilpatrick DC, Delahooke TE, Koch C, et al. Mannan-binding lectin and hepatitis C infection. Clin Exp Immunol. 2003;132:92–95
  39. Kimbrell DA, Beutler B. The evolution and genetics of innate immunity. Nat Rev Genet. 2001;2:256–267
  40. Kleeberger SR, Reddy SP, Zhang LY, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 mediates ozone-induced murine lung hyperpermeability via inducible nitric oxide synthase. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2001;280:L326–L333
  41. Knapp S, Wieland CW, van 't Veer C, et al. Toll-like receptor 2 plays a role in the early inflammatory response to murine pneumococcal pneumonia but does not contribute to antibacterial defense. J Immunol. 2004;172:3132–3138
  42. Koch A, Melbye M, Sorensen P, et al. Acute respiratory tract infections and mannose-binding lectin insufficiency during early childhood. JAMA. 2001;285:1316–1321
  43. Kurt-Jones EA, Popova L, Kwinn L, et al. Pattern recognition receptors TLR4 and CD14 mediate response to respiratory syncytial virus. Nat Immunol. 2000;1:398–401
  44. Lahti M, Lofgren J, Marttila R, et al. Surfactant protein D gene polymorphism associated with severe respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatr Res. 2002;51:696–699
  45. Lawson PR, Reid KB. The roles of surfactant proteins A and D in innate immunity. Immunol Rev. 2000;173:66–78
  46. Lazarus R, Raby BA, Lange C, et al. Toll-like receptor 10 genetic variation is associated with asthma in two independent samples. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:594–600
  47. Lettinga KD, Florquin S, Speelman P, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 is not involved in host defense against pulmonary Legionella pneumophila infection in a mouse model. J Infect Dis. 2002;186:570–573
  48. LeVine AM, Kurak KE, Bruno MD, et al. Surfactant protein-A-deficient mice are susceptible to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1998;19:700–708
  49. LeVine AM, Kurak KE, Wright JR, et al. Surfactant protein-A binds group B streptococcus enhancing phagocytosis and clearance from lungs of surfactant protein-A-deficient mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1999;20:279–286
  50. LeVine AM, Whitsett JA, Gwozdz JA, et al. Distinct effects of surfactant protein A or D deficiency during bacterial infection on the lung. J Immunol. 2000;165:3934–3940
  51. LeVine AM, Elliott J, Whitsett JA, et al. Surfactant protein-d enhances phagocytosis and pulmonary clearance of respiratory syncytial virus. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2004;31:193–199
  52. Linke MJ, Harris CE, Korfhagen TR, et al. Immunosuppressed surfactant protein A-deficient mice have increased susceptibility to Pneumocystis carinii infection. J Infect Dis. 2001;183:943–952
  53. Lu J. Collectins: Collectors of microorganisms for the innate immune system. Bioessays. 1997;19:509–518
  54. Malcolm KC, Worthen GS. Lipopolysaccharide stimulates p38-dependent induction of antiviral genes in neutrophils independently of paracrine factors. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:15693–15701
  55. Mann PB, Elder KD, Kennett MJ, Harvill ET. Toll-like receptor 4-dependent early elicited tumor necrosis factor alpha expression is critical for innate host defense against Bordetella bronchiseptica. Infect Immun. 2004;72:6650–6658
  56. Matsumoto M, Seya T. Recognition of dsRNA by Toll-like receptor 3. Uirusu. 2001;51:209–214
  57. Meier A, Kirschning CJ, Nikolaus T, et al. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 are essential for Aspergillus-induced activation of murine macrophages. Cell Microbiol. 2003;5:561–570
  58. Miyamoto M, Prause O, Sjostrand M, et al. Endogenous IL-17 as a mediator of neutrophil recruitment caused by endotoxin exposure in mouse airways. J Immunol. 2003;170:4665–4672
  59. Mullighan CG, Marshall SE, Welsh KI. Mannose binding lectin polymorphisms are associated with early age of disease onset and autoimmunity in common variable immunodeficiency. Scand J Immunol. 2000;51:111–122
  60. Ohashi K, Burkart V, Flohe S, Kolb H. Cutting edge: Heat shock protein 60 is a putative endogenous ligand of the Toll-like receptor-4 complex. J Immunol. 2000;164:558–561
  61. Opitz B, Puschel A, Schmeck B, et al. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins are innate immune receptors for internalized Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:36426–36432
  62. Palaniyar N, Clark H, Nadesalingam J, et al. Surfactant protein D binds genomic DNA and apoptotic cells, and enhances their clearance, in vivo. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2003;1010:471–475
  63. Palmer SM, Burch LH, Davis RD, et al. The role of innate immunity in acute allograft rejection after lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168:628–632
  64. Pison U, Wright JR, Hawgood S. Specific binding of surfactant apoprotein SP-A to rat alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol. 1992;262:L412–L417
  65. Reading PC, Morey LS, Crouch EC, Anders EM. Collectin-mediated antiviral host defense of the lung: Evidence from influenza virus infection of mice. J Virol. 1997;71:8204–8212
  66. Reidy MF, Wright JR. Surfactant protein A enhances apoptotic cell uptake and TGF-beta1 release by inflammatory alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2003;285:L854–L861
  67. Reiling N, Holscher C, Fehrenbach A, et al. Cutting edge: Toll-like receptor (TLR)2- and TLR4-mediated pathogen recognition in resistance to airborne infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Immunol. 2002;169:3480–3484
  68. Revets H, Pynaert G, Grooten J, De Baetselier P. Lipoprotein I, a TLR2/4 ligand modulates TH2-driven allergic immune responses. J Immunol. 2005;174:1097–1103
  69. Ross DJ, Cole AM, Yoshioka D, et al. Increased bronchoalveolar lavage human beta-defensin type 2 in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. Transplantation. 2004;78:1222–1224
  70. Sakamoto N, Mukae H, Fujii T, et al. Differential effects of alpha- and beta-defensin on cytokine production by cultured human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2005;288:L508–L513
  71. Sano H, Kuroki Y. The lung collectins, SP-A and SP-D, modulate pulmonary innate immunity. Mol Immunol. 2005;42:279–287
  72. Sato M, Sano H, Iwaki D, et al. Direct binding of Toll-like receptor 2 to zymosan, and zymosan-induced NF-kappa B activation and TNF-alpha secretion are down-regulated by lung collectin surfactant protein A. J Immunol. 2003;171:417–425
  73. Schneeberger EE. Alveolar type I cells. Second. 1997;535–542
  74. Schurr JR, Young E, Byrne P, et al. Central role of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling and host defense in experimental pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacteria. Infect Immun. 2005;73:532–545
  75. Schutte BC, Mitros JP, Bartlett JA, et al. Discovery of five conserved beta-defensin gene clusters using a computational search strategy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99:2129–2133
  76. Sha Q, Truong-Tran AQ, Plitt JR, et al. Activation of airway epithelial cells by Toll-like receptor agonists. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2004;31:358–364
  77. Shim TS, Turner OC, Orme IM. Toll-like receptor 4 plays no role in susceptibility of mice to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2003;83:367–371
  78. Sim RB, Moestrup SK, Stuart GR, et al. Interaction of C1q and the collectins with the potential receptors calreticulin (cC1qR/collectin receptor) and megalin. Immunobiology. 1998;199:208–224
  79. Skerrett SJ, Liggitt HD, Hajjar AM, et al. Respiratory epithelial cells regulate lung inflammation in response to inhaled endotoxin. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2004;287:L143–L152
  80. Skerrett SJ, Liggitt HD, Hajjar AM, Wilson CB. Cutting edge: Myeloid differentiation factor 88 is essential for pulmonary host defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa but not Staphylococcus aureus. J Immunol. 2004;172:3377–3381
  81. Sur S, Wild JS, Choudhury BK, et al. Long term prevention of allergic lung inflammation in a mouse model of asthma by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. J Immunol. 1999;162:6284–6293
  82. Takeuchi O, Hoshino K, Kawai T, et al. Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial cell wall components. Immunity. 1999;11:443–451
  83. Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Sanjo H, et al. TLR6: A novel member of an expanding Toll-like receptor family. Gene. 1999;231:59–65
  84. Tantisira K, Klimecki WT, Lazarus R, et al. Toll-like receptor 6 gene (TLR6): Single-nucleotide polymorphism frequencies and preliminary association with the diagnosis of asthma. Genes Immun. 2004;5:343–346
  85. Triantafilou M, Triantafilou K. Heat-shock protein 70 and heat-shock protein 90 associate with Toll-like receptor 4 in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Biochem Soc Trans. 2004;32:636–639
  86. Tsutsumi A, Sasaki K, Wakamiya N, et al. Mannose-binding lectin gene: Polymorphisms in Japanese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren's syndrome. Genes Immun. 2001;2:99–104
  87. Tsutsumi-Ishii Y, Nagaoka I. NF-kappa B-mediated transcriptional regulation of human beta-defensin-2 gene following lipopolysaccharide stimulation. J Leukoc Biol. 2002;71:154–162
  88. Van Wetering S, Sterk PJ, Rabe KF, Hiemstra PS. Defensins: Key players or bystanders in infection, injury, and repair in the lung?. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104:1131–1138
  89. Wang X, Moser C, Louboutin JP, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 mediates innate immune responses to Haemophilus influenzae infection in mouse lung. J Immunol. 2002;168:810–815
  90. Wang X, Zhang Z, Louboutin JP, et al. Airway epithelia regulate expression of human beta-defensin 2 through Toll-like receptor 2. FASEB J. 2003;17:1727–1729
  91. Weighardt H, Jusek G, Mages J, et al. Identification of a TLR4- and TRIF-dependent activation program of dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol. 2004;34:558–564
  92. Wieland CW, Knapp S, Florquin S, et al. Non-mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan induces lung inflammation via Toll-like receptor 2. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:1367–1374
  93. Wu H, Kuzmenko A, Wan S, et al. Surfactant proteins A and D inhibit the growth of gram-negative bacteria by increasing membrane permeability. J Clin Invest. 2003;111:1589–1602
  94. Wu Y, Adam S, Hamann L, et al. Accumulation of inhibitory kappaB-alpha as a mechanism contributing to the anti-inflammatory effects of surfactant protein-A. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2004;31:587–594
  95. Yarden J, Radojkovic D, De Boeck K, et al. Polymorphisms in the mannose binding lectin gene affect the cystic fibrosis pulmonary phenotype. J Med Genet. 2004;41:629–633
  96. Yauch LE, Mansour MK, Shoham S, et al. Involvement of CD14, Toll-like receptors 2 and 4, and MyD88 in the host response to the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans in vivo. Infect Immun. 2004;72:5373–5382

PII: S1050-1738(05)00117-9

doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2005.07.001

Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine
Volume 15, Issue 6 , Pages 195-202 , August 2005

Article Tools