Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine
Volume 16, Issue 6 , Pages 193-198 , August 2006

Role of Homeodomain-Only Protein in the Cardiac Conduction System

  • Fang Liu
  • ,
  • Fraz A. Ismat
  • ,
  • Vickas V. Patel

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: Vickas V. Patel, MD, PhD, 713A Stellar Chance Pavilion, 422 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Tel.: (+1) 215 898 5475; fax: (+1) 215 573 2094

References 

  1. Bevilacqua LM, Simon AM, Maguire CT, et al. A targeted disruption in connexin40 leads to distinct atrioventricular conduction defects. J. Interv. Card. Electrophysiol. 2000;4:459–467
  2. Benson DW, Silberbach GM, Kavanaugh-McHugh A, et al. Mutations in the cardiac transcription factor NKX2.5 affect diverse cardiac developmental pathways. J. Clin. Invest. 1999;104:1567–1573
  3. Billeter M, Qian YQ, Otting G, et al. Determination of the nuclear magnetic resonance solution structure of an Antennapedia homeodomain–DNA complex. J. Mol. Biol. 1993;234:1084–1093
  4. Bond J, Sedmera D, Jourdan J, et al. Wnt11 and Wnt7a are up-regulated in association with differentiation of cardiac conduction cells in vitro and in vivo. Dev. Dyn. 2002;227:536–543
  5. Bruneau BG, Nemer G, Schmitt JP, et al. A murine model of Holt-Oram syndrome defines roles of the T-box transcription factor Tbx5 in cardiogenesis and disease. Cell. 2001;106:709–721
  6. Chen C, Schwartz R. Recruitment of the tinman homolog Nkx2-5 by serum response factor activates cardiac alpha-actin genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1996;16:6372–6384
  7. Chen F, Kook H, Milewski R, et al. Hop is an unusual homeobox gene that modulates cardiac development. Cell. 2002;110:713–723
  8. Cheng G, Litchenberg WH, Cole GJ, et al. Development of the cardiac conduction system involves recruitment within a multipotent cardiomyogenic lineage. Development. 1999;126:5041–5049
  9. Christoffels VM, Hoogaars WM, Tessari A, et al. T-box transcription factor Tbx2 represses differentiation and formation of the cardiac chambers. Dev. Dyn. 2004;229:763–770
  10. Fishman GI. Understanding conduction system development: A hop, skip and jump away?. Circ. Res. 2005;96:809–811
  11. Franco D, Demolombe S, Kuppershmidt S, et al. Divergent expression of delayed rectifier K+ channel subunits during mouse heart development. Cardiovasc. Res. 2001;52:65–75
  12. Gaskell WH. On the innervation of the heart, with a special reference to the heart of the tortoise. J. Physiol. 1883;4:43
  13. Gourdie RG, Mima T, Thompson RP, et al. Terminal diversification of the myocyte lineage generates Purkinje fibers of the cardiac conduction system. Development. 1995;121:1423–1431
  14. Gourdie RG, Wei Y, Kim D, et al. Endothelin-induced conversion of embryonic heart muscle cells into impulse-conducting Purkinje fibers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1998;95:6815–6818
  15. Hatcher CJ, Kim MS, Mah CS, et al. TBX5 transcription factor regulates cell proliferation during cardiogenesis. Dev. Biol. 2001;230:177–188
  16. Hiroi Y, Kudoh S, Monzen K, et al. Tbx5 associates with Nkx2.5 and synergistically promotes cardiomyocyte differentiation. Nat. Genet. 2001;28:276–280
  17. Hoogaars WM, Tessari A, Moorman AF, et al. The transcriptional repressor Tbx3 delineates the developing central conduction system of the heart. Cardiovasc. Res. 2004;62:489–499
  18. Hreybe H, Saba S. Effects of race and health insurance on the rates of pacemaker implantation for complete heart block in the United States. Am. J. Cardiol. 2004;94:227–229
  19. Ismat FA, Zhang M, Kook H, et al. Homeobox protein Hop functions in the adult cardiac conduction system. Circ. Res. 2005;96:898–903
  20. Jay PY, Harris BS, Maguire CT, et al. Nkx2-5 mutation causes anatomic hypoplasia of the cardiac conduction system. J. Clin. Invest. 2004;113:1130–1137
  21. Kissinger CT, Liu BS, Martin-Blanco E, et al. Crystal structure of an engrailed homeodomain–DNA complex at 2.8Å resolution: A framework for understanding homeodomain–DNA interactions. Cell. 1990;63:579–590
  22. Kook H, Lepore JJ, Gitler AD, et al. Cardiac hypertrophy and histone deacetylase-dependent transcriptional repression mediated by the atypical homeodomain protein Hop. J. Clin. Invest. 2003;112:863–871
  23. Kupershmidt S, Yang T, Anderson ME, et al. Replacement by homologous recombination of the minK gene with lacZ reveals restriction of minK expression to the mouse cardiac conduction system. Circ. Res. 1999;84:146–152
  24. Lewin B. Homeodomains bind related targets in DNA. In: Genes VIII. New York: Oxford University; 2004;p. 647–649
  25. Lints TJ, Parsons LM, Hartley L, et al. Nkx-2.5, a novel murine homeobox gene expressed in early heart progenitor cells and their myogenic descendants. Development. 1993;119:419–431
  26. Lonie IM. The paradoxical text ‘On the Heart’. I. Med. Hist. 1973;17:1–15
  27. Lyons I, Parsons LM, Hartley L, et al. Myogenic and morphogenetic defects in the heart tubes of murine embryos lacking the homeobox gene Nkx2-5. Genes Dev. 1995;9:1654–1666
  28. Moskowitz IP, Pizard A, Patel VV, et al. The T-Box transcription factor Tbx5 is required for the patterning and maturation of the murine cardiac conduction system. Development. 2004;131:4107–4116
  29. Pashmforoush M, Lu JT, Chen H, et al. Nkx2-5 pathways and congenital heart disease: Loss of ventricular myocyte lineage specification leads to progressive cardiomyopathy and complete heart block. Cell. 2004;117:378–386
  30. Patel R, Kos L. Endothelin-1 and neuregulin-1 convert embryonic cardiomyocytes into cells of the conduction system in the mouse. Dev. Dyn. 2005;233:20–28
  31. Probst V, Kyndt F, Potet F, et al. Haploinsufficiency in combination with aging causes SCN5A-linked hereditary Lenegre disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003;41:643–652
  32. Rentschler S, Vaidya DM, Tamaddon H, et al. Visualization and functional characterization of the developing murine cardiac conduction system. Development. 2001;128:1785–1792
  33. Rentschler S, Zander J, Meyers K, et al. Neuregulin-1 promotes formation of the murine cardiac conduction system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2002;99:10464–10469
  34. Royer A, van Veen TAB, Le Bouter S, et al. Mouse model of SCN5A-linked hereditary Lenègre's disease: Age-related conduction slowing and myocardial fibrosis. Circulation. 2005;111:1738–1746
  35. Schott JJ, Benson DW, Basson CT, et al. Congenital heart disease caused by mutations in the transcription factor NKX2-5. Science. 1998;281:108–111
  36. Sedmera D, Reckova M, DeAlmeida A, et al. Spatiotemporal pattern of commitment to slowed proliferation in the embryonic mouse heart indicates progressive differentiation of the cardiac conduction system. Anat. Rec. 2003;274A:773–777
  37. Shin CH, Liu ZP, Passier R, et al. Modulation of cardiac development by HOP, an unusual homeodomain protein. Cell. 2002;110:725–735
  38. Tanaka M, Chen Z, Bartunkova S, et al. The cardiac homeobox gene Csx/Nkx2.5 lies genetically upstream of multiple genes essential for heart development. Development. 1999;126:1269–1280
  39. Tawara S. Das Reizleitungssystem des Herzens. Jena: Gustav Fischer; 1906;
  40. Verheule S, van Batenburg CA, Coenjaerts FE, et al. Cardiac conduction abnormalities in mice lacking the gap junction protein connexin40. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 1999;10:1380–1389

PII: S1050-1738(06)00052-1

doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2006.03.009

Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine
Volume 16, Issue 6 , Pages 193-198 , August 2006